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Encore: One More Saturday Night. Download/Listen to this Show at Archive. Comments: I read some stuff that Dick said he'd take the shows the night before and the night after over this one. Not that I don't love those shows, hey Boston Garden - Music Never Stopped? That one is a discussion ender. Favorite year, still a toss up bewteen 7. But this Scarlett> Fire and the Shakedown> Uncle Johns encore from 1. Dead ever did that I've heard so far.- Joe. Head- if you get confused listen to the music play- -It's nice to come back after all these years and hear it again.- comin back to the deadhttp: //www. I'll take the 0. 4/2. Scarlet> Fire over this one though. Greatest show? The Department of Defense and the CIA were very disappointed by the way the Vietnam War was progressing. Not only were we losing but, more importantly, the US public did not approve of the war and, worse yet, weren't believing everything the military said about what was happening. This was an unprecedented event. Every other recent war was viewed positively by the public .. Something had to be done. They decided to take a page from the Soviets and experiment with mind control. Together with Disney and a fledgling computer company called Microsoft, they set out to prove that brainwashing could really work on the very people who opposedthem: the hippies. It isn't widely known but Cornell was actually the second test of these mind control procedures. The first occurred in mid- 1. First, they picked the one time that the Dead were not touring. Electric Relaxation Rapidshare FilesTurboBit.net provides unlimited and fast file cloud storage that enables you to securely share and access files online. Leslie's Pro has many locations throughout Phoenix metro area. Provide a-z parts, supplies and care tips for swimming pools and spas. The SetList Program allows you to search through setlists for the Grateful Dead's many shows. It also allows users to comment and share their experiences for each show. Http:// http:// http:// http:// http:// http://www. This created all sorts of problems with the subject audience. The more serious mistake was in not updating the criteria of the experiment. Due to typical government inefficiency, they used the 1. Dead that was playing when the program was conceived. The sudden appearance of Pigpen, who had died 2 years earlier, literally blew the minds of those in attendance. Thesubjects were eventually released and most of them became evangelists, their only lingering memory of the whole experiment being an unshakeable belief that they'd witnessed a true miracle. Unfortunately, no tapes have been found from this first experiment. That's a real shame because the version of Dark Star- > St Stephen- > Eleven- > Lovelight used was supposedly the best ever. After a few drinks, the original scientists still speak in awe about the music heard that day. By Nov 1. 97. 7, everyone was ready for the second test. This time, they learned from their mistakes. A small group of college students were hired to attend shows from 1. Our job was to collect tapes of the Dead's performances, select which tunes to use, and tohelp identify subjects for the upcoming experiment. The location and date were chosen with equal care. It was a off- day during the tour and the location close enough to the real concerts to be believed. Of moreimportance was the late snowfall that day. That unusual and easily confirmed event provided the glue that would hold the implanted memories together. Even now 2. 2 years later, people . Of course, some people were given slightly different memories. Some, like Teddy Goodbear, . Still others remember getting . En Peliculotas nos dedicamos a subir peliculas completas en espa. We specialize in repairs of high quality Swiss watches to basic fashion watches. Timepieces include Patek Philippe, Rolex, Girard Perregaux, Omega, Longines, Tissot, Movado, and Hamilton, just to name a few. Memphis Landscaping Gurley's has been using knowledge and best management practices to create beauty as a premiere Memphis landscaping company. We are passionate about building lasting relationships with our customers and. Upmnxqwm 2008/09/27 13:41 OwCs7n <a href=”http:// None of this actually occurred. A week after the . In order to perfect this hoax, the town itself must also be convinced that the concert took place. Disney had acquired owner- ship of all the local TV and radio stations through dummy corporations. Using special chips developed by Microsoft, they played sublimbminal messages to every man, woman and child in a 1. Barton Hall. For the most part, this programming still holds today although some people did prove resistant to the message. As far as the source of the music, for the most part the list posted by . The only mystery remaining is the Scarlet- > Fire. That was actually performed by the Dead specifically for this experiment. Since Jerry worked for the CIA, it was easy to convince him and the rest of the band to go along. Plus he liked the idea of . I don't know if it was just a coincidence or not, but they were leaked at about the same time as the tapes recorded by Betty Cantor were found. In any event, they became part of the so- called . Leaking these tapes also provided the first cracks in the hoax to appear since the tapes were distributed to people who were not in the experiment and who knew that no show was performed that day. It was necessary to obtain their silence through blackmail, bribery and in extreme cases, mind control itself. That's also how this ? Microsoft has used this power to become one of the biggest, most influential companies in history. They sure didn't become that big by providing quality products. It was used to shape public reaction to the Gulf War. It's also clear that George Bush never understood the full power of these methods. There are also indications that this technology might explain the otherwise unbelievable popularity of rap music. That's the whole story. Paul 5/1. 1/7. 77. Lazy Lightnin' . Louis 5/1. Supplication . As to what was going on in Allen's mind atthis time I don't fully know. But then you get the MK- ULTRA operation. Greatest Conspiracies: The mind control operation? La. ROUCHE: That was an Allen Dulles period operation which was run togetherwith the occult types in British intelligence, such as Aldous Huxley. Andalso Gregory Bateson who created, for example, the Grateful Dead out of an. MK- ULTRA operation at the Palo Alto Veteran's Hospital where he wassupervising. The first United States- grown rock group of that type, the. Grateful Dead, was generated as a British intelligence operation by the. Occult Bureau of Huxley and bateson out of the Palo Alto Veteran's Hospitalwhere they were doing LSD and related experiments. Greatest Conspiracies: Why would British intelligence want to put out arock roup? La. ROUCHE: Well, this is part of the Satanism business. Call it thecounterculture. Call it the Dionysius model of the counterculture. Rock isessentially a revival of the ancient Dionysic, Bacchic rituals. Lots ofpeople or long periods of time in that kind of particular rhythmic ritualwhich was probably struck upon empirically many thousands of years ago forthis type of cult. It does have a relationship to the Alpha rhythms of thebrain. It does produce these sorts of states. If combined with a littlealcohol and more, shall we say, mood shaping substances, with youth, withfunny sex, this does produce a profound change of a countercultural type. Another word for it: New Age. People wereexperimenting with various utopian models, constructing small groupsexperimentally which were considered New Age types. How to createexperimental types that might survive the aftermath of a general nuclearwar. Greatest Conspiracies: Was this whole trend continued after Dulles'departure? La. ROUCHE: He was not the controlling factor. I wouldn't make him the evilblack widow spider. The operation goes way back. But inthe United States this particular operation goes to about 1. The Naziswere operating in the 1. Hollywood and elsewhere with an occultastrology racket kind of intelligence operation. At that point the Huxley operation out there which is already established,the marijuana operation and so forth in the 1. I would say was a watershed year for explosion of this thing, aroundthe LSD, Beatles proliferation. And then you have another one in recentyears where explicit Satanism has really exploded.- I wish I could send a bolt of lightning your way. Real (0. 9/1. 8/2. Just as Europe 7. China/Rider. Cornell 7. Scarlet/Fire. More importantly, this show has tone and space and room for the band and audience (I was there) to breathe. None of the coked up rush or the laziness of some show. The transition from Scarlet to Fire, when Phil and Bob and Jerry throw those phrases, when jerry's envelope hits, is some of the best dead music ever. THe room was electric that night and actually after Boston it makes sense that they would be so on. They hit arcs of shows, Why did we follow them so much? But you can hear the articulation in everyone's playing. All parts like threads in a tapestry. Lots and lots of great shows but Cornell, Like much of Europe in 7. Spring 7. 7 was an exemplary tour. THey had found a new sound and space and they had not really begun to get LOW with blow and smack (Jerry and Keith) that is. It is still very very contemporary- . But the Scarlet> Fire is not as good as the following S> F's: 4- 2. Fire alone. 12- 3. Perfectly orchestrated, the drummers /kill/. Know this!!- . (0. I also never realized this was a Mother's Day show until this year on the 3. I listened to it like 4 times in a row on a hiking trip to the Smokies.. I can only imagine what it would have been like to have been there.- . Ive had this show in various forms since the early 9. THE best Lazy lighning > Supplication ever. One of the best jack Straws, Brown eyed women is on fire, oh and then theres the second set. Did i mention the Dancing. Im sorry there is simply no way to say this show is overrated. Its hte fuckign motherlode.- . It was May 8, 1. 97. I drove down from my college in upstate New York to Ithaca, home of Cornell University, for a Grateful Dead concert. It was a cheerful, sunny day with the dandelions blooming in bright yellow ripples across the rural fields rolling town to the Finger Lakes. I was almost nineteen years old and trying to make sense of life. 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An Eye For an Eye : John SACK : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive. How about the several hundred thousand German civilians that suffered horribly and perished in a REAL holocaust at Hamburg and Dresden? AN EYE FOR AN EYE — 4 — OTHER BOOKS BY JOHN SACK THE BUTCHER FROM HERE TO SHIMBASHI REPORT FROM PRACTICALLY NOWHERE M LIEUTENANT CALLEY. An Eye For An Eye By John Sack PDF - Free Ebook Download - ebookdig.biz is the right place for every Ebook Files. We have millions index of Ebook Files urls from around the world. Basic. Books. Third edition, 1. Compu. Serve. This edition do not seem to be online. Fourth edition (revised, updated, illustrated - - The present edition), 2. John Sack. In other words, no publishing company was willing to publish this book. Since the author's death in 2. ISBN 0- 9. 67. 56. AAARGH The website was founded in 1. The Quarterlies of AAARGH http: //revurevi. Conseils de revision. Gaette du Golfe et des banlieues. The Revisionist Clarion. Il resto del siclo. El Paso del Ebro. Das kausale Nexusblatt. O revisionismo em lengua portugues. Armenichantage. Books (2. AAARGH on Internet http: //vho. Documents, compilations, AAARGH Reprints http: //aaargh. Free subscribe: (e- mail) . I'd have been about twelve years old. Like other boys then, I'd have been wearing a drab gray suit and a flat gray . As it happened, I didn't go to Auschwitz until ten years ago, when I was almost sixty and it was safe to do so. I stood on the wide concrete platform and stared at the tracks where the train would have been, but I couldn't picture myself getting off it. I'd read about Auschwitz, and I knew that Mengele would have been on this platform that day, and I went to where he'd have stood. I knew he'd have told my mother and father, . I went to the ruins of the dressing room- -the undressing room- -then of the cyanide chamber, which now had no roof and was full of old roof- components, of dirt, grass and dandelions, and (as I looked closely) of tiny white chips of bone that, in the 1. Again, I tried to picture my sister and me in this cyanide chamber, undressed, our two bodies touching and one thousand people around us, all screaming, the gas coming down upon us, and I simply couldn't see it, my mind had no hook that could hold it, I might as well have been groping for ? The people who say it are fools, maybe worse, but I can commiserate with them. The thought the Holocaust did, indeed, happen is too enormous for one little volleball . I'd come to Auschwitz and this part of Poland to research this book. I had heard of a Jewish girl, Lola, who, after onc- and- one- half years at Auschwitz, had turned the Holocaust upside- down by becoming the commandant of the big prison for Germans at Gleiwitz, thirty miles away, and in some ways by imitating the SS women at Auschwitz, and I wanted to write about her. Lola wasn't in Poland anymore, but as I spoke to Jews, Poles and Germans about her and as I studied documents in a cobwebbed cellar in Poland and a concrete castle over the Rhine, I slowly became aware that the truth was much, much larger than Lola. When the Holocaust ended, I learned, a lot of Jews became commandants like Lola. I understood why, but the Jews were sometimes as cruel as their exemplars at Auschwitz, and they even ran the organization that ran the prisons and- -as I learned- -the concentration camps for German civilians in Poland and Poland- administered Germany. Once again, I felt that I was confronting something too big for one little three- pound brain, for I was learning that, yes, the Holocaust happened, the Germans killed Jews, but that a second atrocity happened that the Jews who committed it covered up: one where the Jews killed Germans. God knows the Jews were provoked, but I learned that in 1. Germans: not Nazis, not Hider's trigger men, but German civilians, German men, women, children, babies, whose . Through the wrath of Jews, however understandable, the Germans lost more civilians than at Dresden, more than, or just as many as, the Japanese at Hiroshima, the Americans at Pearl Harbor, the British in the Battle of Britain, or the Jews themselves in Poland's occasional pogroms: so I now learned, and I was aghast to learn it. This was no Holocaust of the moral equivalent of the Holocaust, but I knew that if I reported it, I'd be exhibiting, well, call it chutzpah, for I could guess what the world would say, but I felt I'd be doing the righteous thing both as a reporter and as a man who's a Jew. I'm not a Biblical scholar, but I went to Saturday school (I was voted the . The men (and the woman, a scholar says) who wrote the Torah didn't cover up Jewish misdeeds. Even when Abraham, the father of the Jewish people, sinned- -- God told him to go to Israel, but he went to Egypt instead- -the Torah reported it. It reported that Judah, whose name is the source of . The people who wrote the Torah (or according to Orthodox Jews, the God who wrote it) believed that we Jews couldn't proclaim, . I suspected that some Jews would ask me, . To write a whole formal history such as the Germans wrote, from the German viewpoint, omitting all mention of Jews, in a three- volume work in the 1. I decided that in An Eye for an Eye, I woulddt report that a Jew had beaten a German, tortured a German, or killed a German until the reader could understand why the Jew had done it and even could think, If I'd been him, I'd have done it myself, and I hope with all my heart that I've succeeded. I also decided that An Eye for an Eye wouldn't just be about the Jews who strayed from the Torah but also about the Jews who prevailed upon them to return, and I hope I've succeeded here too. In the end, I hope that An Eye for an Eye is something more than the story of Jewish revenge: that it's also the story of Jewish redemption. A word to those readers who, in the 2. The people in An Eye for an Eye are real. The events in An Eye for an Eye really happened. The conversations in An Eye for an Eye, with three minor exceptions that I describe in the Notes, are not . At the end of An Eye for an Eye are twenty- five thousand words of Notes and Sources, and among these is the documentation for the number of Jews in the German- imprisoning organization, the positions that the Jews held, the number of prisons for Germans and concentration camps for Germans, and the number of Germans who died inside them and Germans who died all in all. If, despite this, a reader still feels that he or she is standing on some strange platform in Poland thinking, . When the noise stopped, the Germans who weren't dead were like punch- drunk people, the blood coming out of their ears, noses, and open mouths as Russia's three million soldiers rolled over them. On the Russian tanks were the painted words NA BERLIN! Six days later, the Russians had rolled a hundred miles west, and now their shells shook the windows of the House of the Armed SS in the willow- filled town of Oswiecim, or Auschwitz. Inside were the men and women of Hitler's private army, the SS, who for years had been feasting on pork, pike, duck, roasted hare, and red cabbage, washing them down with Bulgarian wine and Yugoslavian schnapps. After dinner the SS men had pulled out the chairs from under the SS women's popos, the women plopping onto the floor, roaring, the men vomiting onto the Persian rugs, betting that the next vomiter would be Hans, whoever, the fat and red- fleshed women roaring along with the men. As the Russians got closer, though, the SS had rolled from the House moaning, . What clemency could an SS man or, worse, an SS woman in Nuit dc Paris perfume expect from the Russian infantry? Nor was the SS soothed by the orders of Himmler, its Hitler- mustached leader in Berlin, to flee to Gross . What worse impediment to any hell- bent retreat than the slow, stumbling feet of its sixty thousand slaves? But cursing them, the SS snapped on its hats with the jolly- roger insignias and by boot, bike and motorcycle descended on the vast stables where the sixty thousand lived, two or three dozen to every stall. To avoid their lice, the SS didn't touch anyone except with a boot, strap, bullwhip, or, in one woman's hand, a whip with a bead- encrusted handle. She was not quite twenty- four. It was ten below on the road to Germany. It was snowing, the snow congealing to ice on Lola's eyebrows. Not far behind her, the Russians had copies of Pravda inside their boots, the SS was using the Abendpost but Lola was walking in two left shoes, her feet killing her, her knees knocking one another, becoming raw, and the blood dripping an inch or two before freezing on Lola's bare legs. Behind her, the Russians in fur- lined coats from America muttered, ! The cold crept through it, through skin, through bones, till the only ember was Lola's heart. Her family was all she thought of. Born twenty miles away in Bedzin to a father and mother versed in the Torah, Lola had had ten older brothers and sisters: a boxer, a foreman, a CPA, a couturier, a pop band leader whose hottest song was Blue Skies (Smiling at Me), a philologist and a pilot among them. But when, in 1. 94. Germans smashed in her familys door shouting, ! The rest were selected by Mengele, the SS's whistling doctor, to be gassed (or in one case hanged) and be cremated in the ovens whose sickening smell had the SS sneering at Auschwitz as Anus Mundi. Among the condemned was Lola's daughter, age one. And now, one- and- one- half years later, as sixty thousand people moved like the Doomed, as SS in black woolen cloaks cried, ! Straggling beside her, Ada and Zlata, the wives of two of her brothers, were to her knowledge her only surviving relatives. She had kept them alive at Auschwitz by spooning the ill- smelling soup (was it turnip? At Auschwitz, Lola had yelled like a drill instructor in her determination that the Potok family should survive. They need me, Lola told herself, for her will to live depended on her two sisters- in- law. At dawn the black became gray. The air and the earth were the same cardboard color, and the homes by the road were just darker blotches. YES Professional Development Program; CIMS I.C.E. Written Hazard Communication Program. How to Program in C++. An int value may be written in decimal. C++ evolved from C, which in turn evolved from B, written by Ken Thompson in 1970 as a variant of BCPL. The following code is the premise for which the tutorial is written on. How to Write a Simple C++ Program. SEC Awards to Whistleblowers have Surpassed $100 Million. Microsoft C# Projects for the Classroom Written by Alfred C Thompson II Distributed by Mainfunction.com. 2011 Title 5 Administrative Personnel Parts 700 to 1199. Under the provisions of 44 U.S.C. Bonnie Fritts was Chief Editor. The Code of Federal Regulations publication program is under the direction of. Two framework papers that develop the concepts outlined in this article, “Value in Health Care” and “Measuring Health Outcomes,” are available as Supplementary Appendixes. In any field, improving performance. The Future Financial Status of the Social Security Program. The concepts of solvency, sustainability, and budget impact are common in discussions of Social Security, but are not well understood. Currently, the Social Security Board of Trustees projects program cost to rise by 2. This increase in cost results from population aging, not because we are living longer, but because birth rates dropped from three to two children per woman. Importantly, this shortfall is basically stable after 2. Social Security program on a sustainable basis for the foreseeable future. Finally, as Treasury debt securities (trust fund assets) are redeemed in the future, they will just be replaced with public debt. If trust fund assets are exhausted without reform, benefits will necessarily be lowered with no effect on budget deficits. The author is the Chief Actuary of the Social Security Administration. Acknowledgments: This article is possible only as a result of the consistent efforts of the Social Security Board of Trustees and their staffs in producing a highly professional and informative report each year. Particular appreciation is extended to Karen Glenn of the Office of the Chief Actuary for her invaluable review and editing of the article. In addition, Michael Leonesio, David Weaver, and Jason Fichtner of the Office of Retirement and Disability Policy provided critical and constructive comments on the draft that contributed substantially to the end product. The findings and conclusions presented in the Bulletin are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Social Security Administration. Introduction. Selected Abbreviations. DIDisability Insurance. GDPgross domestic product. HIHospital Insurance. NRAnormal retirement age. OASDIOld- Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance. OASIOld- Age and Survivors Insurance. PAYGOpay as you go. As a result of changes to Social Security enacted in 1. At the point where the reserves are used up, continuing taxes are expected to be enough to pay 7. Thus, the Congress will need to make changes to the scheduled benefits and revenue sources for the program in the future. The Social Security Board of Trustees project that changes equivalent to an immediate reduction in benefits of about 1. Since the inception of the Social Security program in 1. Social Security provides a basic level of monthly income to workers and their families after the workers have reached old age, become disabled, or died. The program now provides benefits to over 5. Further modifications of the program are a certainty as the Congress continues to evolve and shape this program, reflecting the desires of each new generation. This article describes the financial status of the Social Security program, including an analysis of the concepts of solvency and sustainability and the relationship of Social Security to the overall federal unified budget. The future is uncertain in many respects, and based on new information, projections of the financial status of the Social Security program vary somewhat over time. What is virtually certain is that the benefits that almost all Americans become entitled to and most depend on will be continued into the future with modifications deemed appropriate by their elected representatives in the Congress. Annual Reports by the Trustees. Each year, starting in 1. Social Security Board of Trustees has presented a required report on the financial status of the program to the Congress. The board has six members, including the Secretary of the Treasury as the managing trustee, the Secretary of Labor, the Secretary of Health and Human Services, and the Commissioner of Social Security, plus two public trustees appointed by the president and confirmed by the senate. The Social Security Act requires that the annual report include (1) the financial operations of the trust funds in the most recent past year, (2) the expected financial operations of the trust funds over the next 5 years, and (3) an analysis of the actuarial status of the program. The recent financial operations and the operations projected for the next few years are a finger on the pulse of the program. The actuarial status of the program is intended to provide an early warning of any potential longer- term financial issues or challenges that will be facing the program. The longer- term analysis of the actuarial status of the Social Security trust funds provides the Congress with an essential early warning of future challenges and provides the time to make desired changes in a careful and thoughtful manner. Although legislative changes may sometimes appear to be decided at the last minute before a crisis, the long advance warning of financial challenges provided by the trustees in the annual reports has always promoted broad consideration of options for change that allow any eventual modification of the law to be based on sound analysis and consideration of a comprehensive view of possible changes and their effects. Since the last major amendments to the Social Security program were enacted in 1. The 1. 98. 3 Trustees Report indicated that the Social Security program was put into . This meant that under the intermediate assumptions used in that report, representing the trustees' best estimate of future experience at that time, program financing was expected to be sufficient to pay scheduled benefits in full through 2. However, that report also indicated that well before 2. The report also showed that these reserves would be approaching exhaustion in 2. Thus, even at the enactment of the 1. Amendments to the Social Security Act, it was known that further changes would be needed. The continuing projections in the annual reports since 1. Solvency of the Social Security Program. When individuals look at the financial status of the Social Security program, they often ask, . Solvency for the Social Security program is defined as the ability of the trust funds at any point in time to pay the full scheduled benefits in the law on a timely basis. The two Social Security trust funds, those for Old- Age and Survivors Insurance (OASI) benefits and for Disability Insurance (DI) benefits, are special. Along with the Hospital Insurance (HI) Trust Fund of the Medicare program, the OASI and DI Trust Funds have the important feature that benefits can only be paid to the extent that the trust funds actually have assets to draw on to pay the benefits. Unlike the rest of federal government operations, these three trust fund programs do not have the ability to borrow in order to continue paying benefits when the dedicated taxes and trust fund reserves are not sufficient. Because the ability of these programs to pay benefits is directly dependent on the availability of assets in their respective trust funds, the existence of assets over time in the future is the critical indicator of solvency. Taken from the 2. Trustees Report, Chart 1 shows that under the trustees' intermediate assumptions (alternative II), the combined assets of the OASI and DI Trust Funds will soon peak at over 3. The relatively more optimistic assumptions of the low- cost alternative I show solvency for the program throughout the 7. III assumptions show trust fund exhaustion even sooner than 2. These alternative sets of assumptions are just one of several ways the trustees illustrate the uncertainty of long- range projections for the future. Chart 1. Combined OASI and DI Trust Fund assets as a percentage of program cost, 1. SOURCE: 2. 00. 9 Social Security Trustees Report, Figure II. D6 and Table IV. B3. NOTES: Alternative I = low- cost assumptions; alternative II = intermediate assumptions; alternative III = high- cost assumptions. Exhaustion of trust fund assets is projected to occur under the intermediate assumptions because program cost will begin to exceed the tax revenues dedicated to the trust funds in the future, requiring increasing amounts of net redemptions from the trust funds. The assumptions adopted for the 2. Trustees Report resulted in projected . It is only when the reserves in the trust funds are exhausted that timely payment of full scheduled benefits becomes an issue. As shown in the chart, at the time of projected trust fund exhaustion in 2. This precipitous drop in the level of benefits that would be payable in the absence of any legislative action between now and 2. Trustees Report. Historically, the OASI and DI Trust Funds have reached times where dedicated tax revenue fell short of the cost of providing benefits and also times where the trust funds have reached the brink of exhaustion of assets. For years 1. 97. 3 through 1. OASI and DI Trust Funds were operating with a negative cash flow that was depleting the trust fund reserves toward exhaustion (see Chart 3). The Social Security Amendments of 1. The 1. 97. 7 amendments included a fundamental change in the indexation of benefits from one generation to the next. The 1. 98. 3 amendments included increases in the normal retirement age (NRA) from 6. Social Security benefits with revenue credited to the trust funds. Chart 3. OASDI net cash flows as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP), 1. SOURCE: Social Security Administration, Office of the Chief Actuary. However, the occurrence of a negative cash flow, when tax revenue alone is insufficient to pay full scheduled benefits, does not necessarily mean that the trust funds are moving toward exhaustion. In fact, in a perfectly pay- as- you- go (PAYGO) financing approach, with the assets in the trust fund maintained consistently at the level of a . This would occur when the interest rate on the trust fund assets is greater than the rate of growth in program cost. In this case, interest on the trust fund assets would be more than enough to grow the assets as fast as program cost, leaving some of the interest available to augment current tax revenue to meet current cost. Under the trustees' current intermediate assumptions, the long- term average real interest rate is assumed at 2. Computer program - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. A computer program is a collection of instructions. A computer requires programs to function, and typically executes the program's instructions in a central processing unit. From the program in its human- readable form of source code, a compiler can derive machine code. Alternatively, a computer program may be executed with the aid of an interpreter. A part of a computer program that performs a well- defined task is known as an algorithm. A collection of computer programs, libraries and related data are referred to as software. Computer programs may be categorized along functional lines, such as application software or system software. History. In 1. 80. Joseph- Marie Jacquard devised a loom that would weave a pattern by following a series of perforated cards. Patterns, including flowers and leaves, could be weaved and repeated by arranging the cards. In the textile industry, yarn was brought from the store to be milled. The device would have had a . It was programmed using two sets of perforated cards. The memoir covered the Analytical Engine. The translation contained Note G which completely detailed a method for calculating Bernoulli numbers using the Analytical Engine. This note is recognized by some historians as the world's first written computer program. The machine can move the tape back and forth, changing its contents as it performs an algorithm. The machine starts in the initial state, goes through a sequence of steps, and halts when it encounters the halt state. The Z3 contained 2,4. The circuits provided a binary, floating- point, nine- instruction computer. Programming the Z3 was through a specially designed keyboard and punched tape. The Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer (Fall 1. Turing complete, general- purpose computer that used 1. At its core, it was a series of Pascalines wired together. Programming the ENIAC took up to two months. Function tables were connected to function panels using heavy black cables. Each function table had 7. Programming the ENIAC also involved setting some of the 3,0. Debugging a program took a week. Different sets of accumulators could simultaneously work on different algorithms. It used punched card machines for input and output, and it was controlled with a clock signal. It ran for eight years, calculating hydrogen bomb parameters, predicting weather patterns, and producing firing tables to aim artillery guns. The Manchester Small- Scale Experimental Machine (June 1. Only three bits of memory were available to store each instruction, so it was limited to eight instructions. Later computers. The computer program was written on paper for reference. An instruction was represented by a configuration of on/off settings. After setting the configuration, an execute button was pressed. This process was then repeated. Computer programs also were manually input via paper tape or punched cards. After the medium was loaded, the starting address was set via switches and the execute button pressed. The hardware featured circuits to ease the compile phase. The Model 3. 0 was the smallest and least expensive. Customers could upgrade and retain the same application software. With operating system support, multiple programs could be in memory at once. When one was waiting for input/output, another could compute. Each model also could emulate other computers. Customers could upgrade to the System/3. IBM 7. 09. 4 or IBM 1. Editing source code involves testing, analyzing, refining, and sometimes coordinating with other programmers on a jointly developed program. A person who practices this skill is referred to as a computer programmer, software developer, and sometimes coder. The sometimes lengthy process of computer programming is usually referred to as software development. The term software engineering is becoming popular as the process is seen as an engineering discipline. Programming languages. Two of the main paradigms are imperative and declarative. Imperative languages. Declarative programs omit the control flow and are considered sets of instructions. Two broad categories of declarative languages are functional languages and logical languages. The principle behind functional languages (like Haskell) is to not allow side effects, which makes it easier to reason about programs like mathematical functions. Then each subgoal is defined by further providing a list of its subgoals, etc. If a path of subgoals fails to find a solution, then that subgoal is backtracked and another path is systematically attempted. Compilation and interpretation. Source code may be converted into an executable image by a compiler or executed immediately with the aid of an interpreter. Compilers are used to translate source code from a programming language into either object code or machine code. Compiled computer programs are commonly referred to as executables, binary images, or simply as binaries . The interpreter decodes each statement and performs its behavior. One advantage of interpreters is that they have the ability to generate an interactive session. The programmer is presented with a prompt, and individual lines of code are typed in and performed immediately. The main disadvantage of interpreters is computer programs run slower than when compiled. Interpreting code is slower because the interpreter must decode each statement and then perform it. However, software development may be faster using an interpreter because testing is immediate when the compiling step is omitted. Another disadvantage of interpreters is an interpreter must be present on the executing computer. By contrast, compiled computer programs need no compiler present during execution. Just in time compilers pre- compile computer programs ahead of time and interpret them later. For example, Java computer programs are pre- compiled into a file containing bytecode. Bytecode is then executed by an interpreter called a virtual machine. Either compiled or interpreted programs might be executed in a batch process without human interaction. Batch programming languages are called scripting languages. One common scripting language is Unix shell, and its executing environment is called the command- line interface. No properties of a programming language require it to be exclusively compiled or exclusively interpreted. The categorization usually reflects the most popular method of language execution. For example, BASIC is thought of as an interpreted language and C a compiled language, despite the existence of BASIC compilers and C interpreters. Storage and execution. Upon such a request, the program is loaded into random- access memory, by a computer program called an operating system, where it can be accessed directly by the central processor. The central processor then executes (. A program in execution is called a process. Operating systems may run multiple programs through process scheduling . Multithreading processors are optimized to execute multiple threads efficiently. Self- modifying programs. However, in some cases, this distinction is blurred when a computer program modifies itself. The modified computer program is subsequently executed as part of the same program. Self- modifying code is possible for programs written in machine code, assembly language, Lisp, C, COBOL, PL/1, and Prolog. Functional categories. The main functional categories are application software and system software. System software includes the operating system which couples computer hardware with application software. Application software designed for end users have a user interface. Application software not designed for the end user includes middleware, which couples one application with another. Application software also includes utility programs. The distinction between system software and application software is under debate. Application software. It is a clipping of the word . They have been designed for many platforms, but the word was first used for smaller mobile apps. Desktop apps are traditional computer programs that run on desktop computers. Mobile apps run on mobile devices. Web apps run inside a web browser. Both mobile and desktop apps may be downloaded from the developers' website or purchased from app stores such as Windows Store, Apple App Store, Mac App Store, Google Play or Intel App. Up. An application suite consists of multiple applications bundled together. Examples include Microsoft Office, Libre. Office and i. Work. They bundle a word processor, spreadsheet, and other applications. Enterprise applications bundle accounting, personnel, customer, and vendor applications. Examples include enterprise resource planning, customer relationship management, and supply chain management software. Enterprise infrastructure software supports the enterprise's software systems. Examples include databases, email servers, and network servers. Information worker software are designed for workers at the departmental level. Examples include time management, resource management, analytical, collaborative and documentation tools. Word processors, spreadsheets, email and blog clients, personal information system, and individual media editors may aid in multiple information worker tasks. Media development software generates print and electronic media for others to consume, most often in a commercial or educational setting. These produce graphics, publications, animations, and videos. Product engineering software is used to help develop large machines and other application software. Examples includes computer- aided design (CAD), computer- aided engineering (CAE), and integrated development environments. Entertainment Software can refer to video games, movie recorders and players, and music recorders and players. Utility programs. If less fortunate, a memory printout was made for further study. The boot process is to identify and initialize all aspects of the system, from processor registers to device controllers to memory contents. |
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